John Barleycorn
Scottish Song By Robert Burns
John Barleycorn is the name of a traditional British folk song and symbolic folk character associated with barley, brewing and whisky distillation. The figure of John Barleycorn represents the barley crop through its growing, harvesting and transformation into alcoholic drink.Versions of the song have existed in England and Scotland for several centuries. The first known printed version was probably in c. 1620, described as "A pleasant new ballad about the murther of John Barleycorn". The character is usually portrayed as suffering injury, death and revival, symbolising the seasonal agricultural cycle and the processing of grain.
The best-known Scottish version was published by Robert Burns in 1782. Burns wrote that he had collected the words from an older traditional source and revised them. His version (below) remains one of the most widely known forms of the ballad.
Below that is an older traditional folk version of John Barleycorn, collected from earlier English folk-song sources, which formed the basis of many later versions and adaptations of the song.
Related Scottish Country Dances
John BarleycornJohn Barleycorn By Robert Burns
There was three kings into the east,
Three kings both great and high,
And they hae sworn a solemn oath
John Barleycorn should die.
They took a plough and plough'd him down,
Put clods upon his head,
And they hae sworn a solemn oath
John Barleycorn was dead.
But the chearful Spring came kindly on,
And show'rs began to fall;
John Barleycorn got up again,
And sore surpris'd them all.
The sultry suns of Summer came,
And he grew thick and strong,
His head weel arm'd wi' pointed spears,
That no one should him wrong.
The sober Autumn enter'd mild,
When he grew wan and pale;
His bending joints and drooping head
Show'd he began to fail.
His colour sicken'd more and more,
He faded into age;
And then his enemies began
To show their deadly rage.
They've taen a weapon, long and sharp,
And cut him by the knee;
Then ty'd him fast upon a cart,
Like a rogue for forgerie.
They laid him down upon his back,
And cudgell'd him full sore;
They hung him up before the storm,
And turn'd him o'er and o'er.
They filled up a darksome pit
With water to the brim;
They heaved in John Barleycorn,
There let him sink or swim.
They laid him out upon the floor,
To work him farther woe;
And still, as signs of life appear'd,
They toss'd him to and fro.
They wasted, o'er a scorching flame,
The marrow of his bones;
But a miller us'd him worst of all,
For he crush'd him between two stones.
And they hae taen his very heart's blood,
And drank it round and round;
And still the more and more they drank,
Their joy did more abound.
John Barleycorn was a hero bold,
Of noble enterprise;
For if you do but taste his blood,
'Twill make your courage rise.
'Twill make a man forget his woe;
'Twill heighten all his joy;
'Twill make the widow's heart to sing,
Tho' the tear were in her eye.
Then let us toast John Barleycorn,
Each man a glass in hand;
And may his great posterity
Ne'er fail in old Scotland!
The following is an older traditional folk version of John Barleycorn, collected from earlier English folk-song sources. Unlike the later Robert Burns adaptation beginning "There were three kings into the east", this historic version begins "There were three men came out of the west", and reflects an earlier form of the ballad passed down through oral tradition over many generations.
There were three men come out of the West
Their fortunes for to try
And these three men made a solemn vow
John Barleycorn must die.
They ploughed, they sowed, they harrowed him in
Threw clods all on his head
And these three men made a solemn vow
John Barleycorn was dead.
They let him lie for a very long time
Till the rains from heaven did fall
Then little Sir John sprung up his head
And so amazed them all
They let him lie till Midsummer
Till he looked both pale and wan
Then little Sir John he grew a long beard
And so become a man.
They hired men with their scythes so sharp
To cut him off at the knee.
They've bound him and tied him around the waist
Served him most barb'rously.
They hired men with their sharp pitch-forks
To prick him to the heart
But the drover he served him worse than that
For he's bound him to a cart.
They've rolled him around and around the field
Till they came unto a barn
And there they made a solemn mow
Of poor John Barleycorn
They've hired men with their crab-tree sticks
To strip him skin from bone
But the miller, he served him worse than that,
For he's ground him between two stones.
Here's Little sir John in the nut-brown bowl
And brandy in the glass
But Little Sir John in the nut-brown bowl's
The strongest man at last
For the huntsman he can't hunt the fox
Nor so loudly blow his horn
And the tinker, he can't mend kettles or pots
Without a little Barleycorn.
Mainly Norfolk - John Barleycorn provides extensive information about the history, symbolism and development of the traditional John Barleycorn ballads, including English and Scottish versions, historical notes, folk-song archive references, recorded performances and later adaptations of the song.
John Barleycorn Song Video
John Barleycorn Song - Information VideoThe Online Scots Dictionary Translate Scots To English.
Published in John Barleycorn: A Ballad - Robert Burns BBC Arts.
Published in The Ballad of John Barleycorn Lancaster University Folk Song Archive.
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Text from this original John Barleycorn article on Wikipedia.